Police Federation of England and Wales’ firearms lead, Steve Hartshorn, who supported firearms officer W80 throughout the legal proceedings, said: “PFEW wants members to be treated fairly, professionally and within the scope of their training and the laws they are ultimately accountable to.

“Naturally we are disappointed on behalf of our 120,000 members with the outcome. We will now review our legal position and examine what this means for the officers we represent and the impact it will have on protecting the public and themselves.”